If two sources provide conflicting data on a topic, what is the most rigorous approach?

• A. Choose one source you trust and ignore others
• B. Quote both sources without interpretation
• C. Evaluate the evidence, compare methodologies, and seek corroboration across additional sources
• D. Assume all data are equally credible

Answer: (C)

When data conflicts, the most rigorous approach is to systematically evaluate the evidence itself: examine how each source was gathered, the methods used, sample sizes, controls, instruments or measurements, and potential biases. Compare the methodologies to understand why results differ, and assess the strength and limitations of the analyses. Look for corroboration across additional credible sources, such as replication studies or meta-analyses, to see where the weight of evidence lies. This careful, evidence-based process helps determine which findings are more reliable and under what conditions.

Choosing one source and ignoring others risks embracing biased or incomplete information. Quoting both sources without interpretation leaves the conflict unresolved. Assuming all data are equally credible ignores the differences in quality and transparency among studies.